Biomonitoring for occupational health risk assessment (BOHRA).

Biological monitoring (BM or biomonitoring) deals with the assessment of individual human exposure, effect and susceptibility to occupational risk factors. It is a fundamental tool in occupational health risk assessment (OHRA) and occupational health practice (OHP) and it has become one of the most, if not the most active area in occupational health (OH) research today. From the few hundred BM papers published in the 80s, there are now several tens of thousand papers published in the peer review literature each year, and the trend is still rising exponentially. As a result, BM has become a priority for the Scientific Committee on Occupational Toxicology (SCOT) of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH). Moreover, there has been a long-term interest in biological monitoring by other SCs of ICOH such as the Scientific Committees on Toxicology of Metals (SCTM) and on Rural Health (SCRH). Despite its current popularity, though, BM is not always correctly used or interpreted by those involved in OHRA or OHP. The present review has been prepared to fill this gap and to help preventing misuse and misinterpretation of data. Although the document is meant to be a reference primarily for those involved in OH research and/or practice, it might become of interest for a wider audience within and outside ICOH, including scientists, occupational physicians, industrial hygienists and occupational or public health professionals in general, involved in chemical risk assessment for occupational health. The mission of SCOT and also of other SCs of ICOH, such as SCTM and SCRH, is indeed to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge on biological monitoring and other relevant occupational toxicology aspects and to make them available and useful to the entire OH scientific community. All articles retrieved as of 3 January, 2007 as "Review" with the combined key words "biological monitoring" in PubMed from 2000 to 2007 have been scanned individually. This yielded a total of 1400 articles from a grand total of 2486 (excluding limitation on year of publication). When the title was related to human occupational biological monitoring, the abstract was read and its content was included. Articles outside the 2000-2007 time frame or that are not classified as "Review" in PubMed have also been included, when relevant. The review is in four parts: (a) the introduction, containing the basic principles and definitions of BM and the different types of biomarkers (BMK), their toxicological significance, practical use and limitations, (b) the methodological and analytical aspects of BM in exposed workers, (c) the interpretation and management of BM data, including a number of recommendations to be considered when planning, performing and interpreting BM results and, finally, (d) the ethical aspects of BM. A list of key references to relevant papers or documents has been included. The BM of specific chemicals or groups of chemicals is outside the purpose of the review. The document is aimed to represent the state of the art on biological monitoring in occupational risk assessment. We expect that reference to its content will be made, whenever appropriate, by those involved in occupational health practice and research when dealing with BM issues. The document is not meant, though, to represent a rigid nor a permanent set of rules and it will be periodically updated according to new developments and any significant advance in BM science. Any part of the document, therefore, is open to suggestions by scientifically qualified persons or institutions officially involved in BM and comments should be sent directly to the authors. A preliminary draft of the document has been presented at the 7th International Symposium on Biological Monitoring, Beijing, 10-12 September, 2007.