德国日托中心的邻苯二甲酸盐：空气中和尘埃中的存在情况，以及儿童对其代谢物的排泄情况（LUPE 3）。
Phthalates in German daycare centers: occurrence in air and dust and the excretion of their metabolites by children (LUPE 3).
机构信息
Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
出版信息
Environ Int. 2013 Nov;61:64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.006. Epub 2013 Oct 6.
Phthalates have been used for decades in large quantities, leading to the ubiquitous exposure of the population. In an investigation of 63 German daycare centers, indoor air and dust samples were analyzed for the presence of 10 phthalate diesters. Moreover, 10 primary and secondary phthalate metabolites were quantified in urine samples from 663 children attending these facilities. In addition, the urine specimens of 150 children were collected after the weekend and before they went to daycare centers. Di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), dibutyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were found in the indoor air, with median values of 468, 227, and 194ng/m(3), respectively. In the dust, median values of 888mg/kg for DEHP and 302mg/kg for di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP) were observed. DnBP and DiBP were together responsible for 55% of the total phthalate concentration in the indoor air, whereas DEHP and DiNP were responsible for 70% and 24% of the total phthalate concentration in the dust. Median concentrations in the urine specimens were 44.7μg/l for the DiBP monoester, 32.4μg/l for the DnBP monoester, and 16.5μg/l and 17.9μg/l for the two secondary DEHP metabolites. For some phthalates, we observed significant correlations between their concentrations in the indoor air and dust and their corresponding metabolites in the urine specimens using bivariate analyses. In multivariate analyses, the concentrations in dust were not associated with urinary metabolite excretion after controlling for the concentrations in the indoor air. The total daily "high" intake levels based on the 95th percentiles calculated from the biomonitoring data were 14.1μg/kg b.w. for DiNP and 11.9μg/kg b.w. for DEHP. Compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values, our "high" intake was 62% of the TDI value for DiBP, 49% for DnBP, 24% for DEHP, and 9% for DiNP. For DiBP, the total daily intake exceeded the TDI value for 2.4% of the individuals. Using a cumulative risk-assessment approach for the sum of DEHP, DnBP, and DiBP, 20% of the children had concentrations exceeding the hazard index of one. Therefore, a further reduction of the phthalate exposure of children is needed.
酞酸酯已被大量使用数十年，导致人群普遍接触。在对 63 家德国日托中心的调查中，分析了室内空气和灰尘样本中 10 种邻苯二甲酸酯二酯的存在情况。此外，对在这些场所接受服务的 663 名儿童的尿液样本中 10 种主要和次要邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物进行了定量分析。此外，在 150 名儿童周末离开家去日托中心之前收集了他们的尿液样本。在室内空气中发现了邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DiBP）、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP），其中位数分别为 468、227 和 194ng/m³。在灰尘中，观察到 DEHP 的中位数为 888mg/kg，邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DiNP）的中位数为 302mg/kg。DnBP 和 DiBP 共同构成了室内空气中总邻苯二甲酸酯浓度的 55%，而 DEHP 和 DiNP 则分别占灰尘中总邻苯二甲酸酯浓度的 70%和 24%。尿液样本中 DiBP 单酯的中位数浓度为 44.7μg/l，DnBP 单酯的中位数浓度为 32.4μg/l，两种 DEHP 次生物的浓度分别为 16.5μg/l 和 17.9μg/l。在双变量分析中，我们观察到一些邻苯二甲酸酯在室内空气和灰尘中的浓度与其尿液样本中的相应代谢物之间存在显著相关性。在多变量分析中，在控制室内空气浓度后，灰尘中的浓度与尿液代谢物排泄无关。基于生物监测数据计算的第 95 百分位数，基于高摄入水平的每日总摄入量（TDI）值为 DiNP 为 14.1μg/kg bw，DEHP 为 11.9μg/kg bw。与可耐受每日摄入量（TDI）值相比，我们的“高”摄入量是 DiBP 的 TDI 值的 62%，DnBP 的 49%，DEHP 的 24%，DiNP 的 9%。对于 DiBP，有 2.4%的个体的每日总摄入量超过了 TDI 值。使用 DEHP、DnBP 和 DiBP 总和的累积风险评估方法，有 20%的儿童的浓度超过了危害指数 1。因此，需要进一步减少儿童的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露。
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