邻苯二甲酸酯暴露的时间趋势：2001 - 2010年美国国家健康与营养检查调查结果
Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010.
作者信息
Zota Ami R, Calafat Antonia M, Woodruff Tracey J
机构信息
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
出版信息
Environ Health Perspect. 2014 Mar;122(3):235-41. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306681. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
BACKGROUND
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Because of potential adverse effects on human health, butylbenzyl phthalate [BBzP; metabolite, monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP)], di-n-butyl phthalate [DnBP; metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP)], and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are being replaced by substitutes including other phthalates; however, little is known about consequent trends in population-level exposures.
OBJECTIVE
We examined temporal trends in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites in the general U.S. population and whether trends vary by sociodemographic characteristics.
METHODS
We combined data on 11 phthalate metabolites for 11,071 participants from five cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2010). Percent changes and least square geometric means (LSGMs) were calculated from multivariate regression models.
RESULTS
LSGM concentrations of monoethyl phthalate, MnBP, MBzP, and ΣDEHP metabolites decreased between 2001-2002 and 2009-2010 [percent change (95% CI): -42% (-49, -34); -17% (-23, -9); -32% (-39, -23) and -37% (-46, -26), respectively]. In contrast, LSGM concentrations of monoisobutyl phthalate, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), monocarboxyoctyl phthalate, and monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP) increased over the study period [percent change (95% CI): 206% (178, 236); 25% (8, 45); 149% (102, 207); and 15% (1, 30), respectively]. Trends varied by subpopulations for certain phthalates. For example, LSGM concentrations of ΣDEHP metabolites, MCPP, and MCNP were higher in children than adults, but the gap between groups narrowed over time (pinteraction < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Exposure of the U.S. population to phthalates has changed in the last decade. Data gaps make it difficult to explain trends, but legislative activity and advocacy campaigns by nongovernmental organizations may play a role in changing trends.
CITATION
Zota AZ, Calafat AM, Woodruff TJ. 2014. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2010. Environ Health Perspect 122:235-241; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306681.
背景
邻苯二甲酸盐是普遍存在的环境污染物。由于对人类健康存在潜在不利影响，邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯[BBzP；代谢物，单苄基邻苯二甲酸酯（MBzP）]、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯[DnBP；代谢物，单正丁基邻苯二甲酸酯（MnBP）]和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）正被包括其他邻苯二甲酸盐在内的替代品所取代；然而，对于人群层面暴露的后续趋势知之甚少。
目的
我们研究了美国普通人群尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度的时间趋势，以及这些趋势是否因社会人口学特征而异。
方法
我们合并了来自国家健康与营养检查调查（2001 - 2010年）五个周期的11071名参与者的11种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的数据。通过多变量回归模型计算百分比变化和最小二乘几何均值（LSGMs）。
结果
在2001 - 2002年至2009 - 2010年期间，单乙基邻苯二甲酸酯、MnBP、MBzP和ΣDEHP代谢物的LSGM浓度下降[百分比变化（95%置信区间）：分别为-42%（-49，-34）；-17%（-23，-9）；-32%（-39，-23）和-37%（-46，-26）]。相比之下，在研究期间，单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯、单（3-羧丙基）邻苯二甲酸酯（MCPP）、单羧基辛基邻苯二甲酸酯和单羧基壬基邻苯二甲酸酯（MCNP）的LSGM浓度有所上升[百分比变化（95%置信区间）：分别为206%（178，236）；25%（8，45）；149%（102，207）；和15%（1，30）]。某些邻苯二甲酸盐的趋势因亚人群而异。例如，儿童中ΣDEHP代谢物、MCPP和MCNP的LSGM浓度高于成年人，但随着时间推移，两组之间的差距缩小（p交互作用<0.01）。
结论
在过去十年中，美国人群对邻苯二甲酸盐的暴露情况发生了变化。数据缺口使得难以解释这些趋势，但立法活动和非政府组织的宣传活动可能在改变趋势方面发挥了作用。
引用
佐塔AZ、卡拉法特AM、伍德拉夫TJ。2014年。邻苯二甲酸盐暴露的时间趋势：2001 - 2010年国家健康与营养检查调查的结果。《环境健康展望》122：235 - 241；http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306681。
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