Colorimetric detection of anions in aqueous media using N-monosubstituted diaminomaleonitrile-based azo-azomethine receptors: real-life applications.

New N-monosubstituted diaminomaleonitrile-based azo-azomethine dyes have been synthesized in order to develop colorimetric sensors for detection of biologically important anions in aqueous media. Importantly, the reported sensor decorated with strong electron-withdrawing group can detect inorganic fluoride in water even at 0.037 ppm level, which is lower than WHO permissible level (below 1 ppm). Successfully, the prepared dyes were used for qualitative and quantitative detection of inorganic fluoride in toothpaste and mouthwash. The anion recognition mechanism was also investigated by detailed UV-Vis and (1)H NMR experiments. The detailed (1)H NMR experiments corroborated that anion recognition is based on the deprotonation phenomenon.