Root Cause Analysis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Admissions at a Tertiary Referral Pediatric Emergency Department in North India.

OBJECTIVES

To identify system-based factors contributing to Emergency Department (ED) admissions of children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and related complications with emphasis on parental and physician awareness and prereferral management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective observational root cause analysis study of all consecutive admissions of children with DKA to pediatric ED of a tertiary care referral hospital in northern India over a period of 1 year (July 2010-June 2011). Prehospital, health-care system, referral, follow-up, and continuum of care related details were obtained through direct interview of parents and physicians and/or field observations for all enrolled children.

RESULTS

Of the 30 children enrolled, 26 (86.6%) were referrals; 16 (61.5%) from first, 7 (26.9%) from second, and 3 (11.5%) from third health-care facility. More than half ( [%], 18 [60%]) had new onset diabetes and belonged to lower socioeconomic strata. Twenty-two (73.3%) were complicated DKA; shock ( [%], 19 [63%]), hypokalemia ( [%], 11 [36%]), and CE ( [%], 3 [10%]) were the most common complications. Most parents were ignorant of diabetes, its symptoms or complicating DKA. Nearly, half of the cases remained undiagnosed ( = 11) at first contact health-care facility; more so for new onset as compared to known diabetes (9/18 vs. 2/8; = 0.022). The referring hospitals had limited facilities for rapid blood glucose estimation ( [%], 12 [40%]), blood gas analysis ( [%], 6 [20%]) and insulin infusion. On univariate analysis, patients with missed/delayed diagnosis more often had severe and complicated DKA.

CONCLUSION

Parental ignorance, lower socioeconomic status, lack of clinical experience, and limited primary health-care facilities were root causes for severe and complicated DKA.