CRISPR/Cas9 system in Plasmodium falciparum using the centromere plasmid.

The CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system is a powerful method to genetically modify the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Currently, this method is carried out by co-transfection with two plasmids, one containing the Cas9 nuclease gene, and another encoding the sgRNA and the donor template DNA. However, the efficiency of modification is currently low owing to the low frequency of these plasmids in the parasites. To improve the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system for P. falciparum, we developed a novel method using the transgenic parasite, PfCAS9, which stably expresses the Cas9 nuclease using the centromere plasmid. To examine the efficiency of genetic modification using the PfCAS9 parasite, we performed site-directed mutagenesis of kelch13 gene, which is considered to be involved in artemisinin resistance. Our results demonstrated that the targeted mutation could be introduced with almost 100% efficiency when the transfected PfCAS9 parasites were treated with two drugs to maintain both the centromere plasmid containing the Cas9 nuclease and the plasmid having the sgRNA. Therefore, the PfCAS9 parasite is a useful parasite line for the genetic modification of P. falciparum.