外泌体中的环状 RNA

Circular RNA in Exosomes.

机构信息

Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.

出版信息

Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1087:109-117. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_9.

DOI:10.1007/978-981-13-1426-1_9

PMID:30259361

Abstract

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel family of non-coding endogenous RNAs discovered in all eukaryotic cells and generated through a particular mechanism of alternative splicing called "back-splicing". These molecules show multiple functions, by acting as modulators of gene and miRNA expression, and may have a role in several biological processes, such as cell proliferation and invasion with, tumour development and progression, and in several mechanisms underlying other diseases. Their presence has been shown to be abundant in several body fluids such as blood and saliva. Based on their biogenesis mechanism, circRNAs may be categorized into five classes: exonic circRNAs, intronic circRNAs, antisense circRNAs, sense overlapping circRNAs and intergenic circRNAs. Recently, the presence of circRNAs, in addition to that of miRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, has been detected also in small extracellular vesicles called exosomes. Investigating the presence and expression levels of serum exosomal circRNAs could allow us, in future, to discriminate cancer patients from healthy individuals, identifying new potential exosome-based cancer biomarkers.In this chapter, we briefly will describe the major features and functions of exosomal circRNAs, discussing their potential role as molecular biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of complex diseases, including cancer.

摘要

环状 RNA（circRNAs）是一类新型的非编码内源性 RNA，存在于所有真核细胞中，通过一种被称为“反向剪接”的特殊剪接机制产生。这些分子具有多种功能，可作为基因和 miRNA 表达的调节剂，可能在细胞增殖和侵袭、肿瘤发生和发展等多种生物学过程中发挥作用，并在其他疾病的多种机制中发挥作用。已经证明它们在血液和唾液等多种体液中大量存在。基于其生物发生机制，circRNAs 可分为五类：外显子 circRNAs、内含子 circRNAs、反义 circRNAs、有义重叠 circRNAs 和基因间 circRNAs。最近，除了 miRNA 和长非编码 RNA 之外，在称为外泌体的小细胞外囊泡中也检测到了 circRNAs 的存在。研究血清外泌体 circRNAs 的存在和表达水平，将来可能使我们能够区分癌症患者和健康个体，确定新的基于外泌体的癌症潜在生物标志物。在本章中，我们将简要描述外泌体 circRNAs 的主要特征和功能，讨论它们作为诊断、预后和监测复杂疾病（包括癌症）的分子生物标志物的潜在作用。