Biomimetic Mineralization-Based CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Nanoparticles for Gene Editing.

Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex has provided an alternative strategy for the regulation of CRISPR functions, offering a transient and DNA-free means for genomic editing. Chemical methods of delivering the RNPs via nanocomplexes have the potential to address these delivery problems for efficiency, safety, and packaging capacity. Here, we developed a biomimetic mineralization-mediated strategy for efficient DNA-free genome editing by using CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs. We found that the RNPs have the ability to form the biomimetic mineralized RNP nanoparticles (Bm-RNP NPs) quickly in situ and can be effectively delivered into the fungal protoplast cells. Biomimetic mineralization can maintain the natural function of Cas9 protein and protect the sgRNA activity. At the same time, the encapsulated RNPs can be effectively released into the cytoplasm, and the Sytalone dehydratase (SDH) gene can be edited in a targeted manner. Except for phenotypic defects, molecular detections indicated that the delivery of Bm-RNP NPs achieved 20% genomic editing for compared to RNPs alone. Moreover, the Bm-RNP NP-mediated editing of the SDH gene significantly affects the appressorium-mediated penetration and invasive growth in . Our system has the advantages of being cheap, fast, and effective, without the traditional transformation process, suggesting the potential application of this DNA-free gene-editing strategy in different organisms.