Metformin exerts anti-tumor effects via Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway by targeting AMPK in HepG2 cells.

Metformin, a traditional first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes, has recently been shown to have anti-cancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-tumor activity of metformin remains unclear. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation and progression of HCC. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of metformin on the biological behavior of HCC and the underlying functional mechanism of metformin in the Shh pathway. HCC was induced in HepG2 cells using recombinant human Shh (rhShh). The effects of metformin on proliferation and metastasis were evaluated using in vitro proliferation, wound healing, and invasion assays. The mRNA and protein expression levels of proteins related to the Shh pathway were measured using western blotting, quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence staining. Metformin inhibited rhShh-induced proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, metformin decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Shh pathway components, including Shh, Ptch, Smo, and Gli-1. Silencing of AMPK in the presence of metformin revealed that metformin exerted its inhibitory effects via AMPK. Our findings demonstrate that metformin suppresses the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells via AMPK-mediated inhibition of the Shh pathway.