Successful application of PD-1 knockdown CLL-1 CAR-T therapy in two AML patients with post-transplant relapse and failure of anti-CD38 CAR-T cell treatment.

Patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) often show resistance to chemotherapy and have dismal outcomes. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new treatment strategies to address this problem. With tremendous achievement of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy against B-cell malignancies, many efforts have been devoted to developing CAR-T therapy for R/R AML but with limited success, in part owing to a lack of specific targets. C-type lectin-like molecule-1 (CLL-1) is highly expressed on AML blasts with no expression on normal hematopoietic stem cells, which makes it an ideal target of immunotherapy for AML. Here, we report 2 R/R AML patients who relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and failed multiline salvage therapies including anti-CD38 CAR-T therapy, but were successfully treated with PD-1 silenced anti-CLL-1 CAR-T therapy. Both patients achieved molecular complete remission with incomplete hematologic recovery at 28 days of evaluation after CLL-1 CAR-T cell infusion. Cytokine release syndrome in cases 1 and 2 were grade 1 and 2, respectively. At the last follow-up, cases 1 and 2 had maintained continuous remission for 8 and 3 months, respectively. Our results demonstrated that CLL-1 CAR-T cells might be an effective and safe salvage therapy for AML patients with posttransplant relapse.