Role of alternatives to antibiotics in mitigating the antimicrobial resistance crisis.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a burgeoning challenge of global priority, warranting immediate action to prevent the explosion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the most important driver for AMR. AMR has led to depletion of the antibiotic pipeline and developing new antibiotics is extremely challenging due to technical and financial issues and also resistance emerges as soon any new antibiotic is introduced. At present, preserving the power of existing antibiotics by prudent use and curtailing spread of pathogens by infection prevention and control (biosecurity) in both humans and animals are the best available options to defer AMR crisis. Meanwhile, to reduce dependence on antibiotics, other alternatives such as vaccines, antibodies, pattern recognition receptors, probiotics, bacteriophages, peptides, phytochemicals, metals, and antimicrobial enzymes are being explored. This review provides an overview of various promising, potential and under investigative strategies as alternatives to antibiotics.