Targeting Macrophages for Tumor Therapy.

Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. The frequency and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with disease progression, tumor metastasis, and resistance to various treatments. Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which are predominantly present in tumors, potentiate tumor progression and immune escape. Targeting macrophages to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment can ameliorate the tumor-associated immunosuppression and elicit an anti-tumor immune response. Strategies to repolarize TAMs, deplete TAMs, and block inhibitory signaling hold great potential in tumor therapy. Besides, biomimetic carriers based on macrophages have been extensively explored to prolong circulation, enhance tumor-targeted delivery, and reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutics to augment therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. These strategies will expand the toolkit for treating tumors, especially for solid tumors, drug-resistant tumors, and metastatic tumors. Herein, we introduce the role of macrophages in tumor progression, summarize the recent advances in macrophage-centered anticancer therapy, and discuss their challenges as well as future applications. Graphical abstract.