Removal of microplastics from water by coagulation of cationic-modified starch: An environmentally friendly solution.

Microplastics (MPs) pose a potential risk to aquatic ecosystems, and there is a growing demand to alleviate the contamination of MPs. Here, we introduce cationic-modified starch (CS) as an eco-friendly bio-coagulant for removing MPs from water. CS with varying degrees of substitution was synthesized and characterized, and its performance in removing MPs was evaluated under different MP sizes, types, and aging, as well as various water conditions. The results indicated that CS efficiently removed MPs, achieving an average removal rate of 65.33 % for polystyrene particles, with higher removal rates for larger, high-density, and aged MPs. The efficiency of CS remained consistent across a wide range of water pH values, but was significantly reduced in the presence of kaolin clay or/and humic acid. The removal efficiency of CS for MPs was enhanced by the non-ionic surfactant, Tween 20, but inhibited by the anionic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. In addition, CS could concurrently remove both MPs and phenanthrene, as a typical water contaminant. Moreover, the applicability of CS was demonstrated in natural water samples from the Ecological Demonstration Zone of the Yangtze River Delta, China, with an average removal rate of 60.13 ± 3.15 %. Taken together, this study offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for the removal of MPs from water, demonstrating CS has significant application potential as a sustainable solution to mitigate microplastic pollution.