Lessons in resilience from the illegal wildlife trade during COVID-19 lockdowns.

The COVID-19 pandemic was an unexpected event with far-reaching long-term economic, political, and social consequences, entailing disruptive changes with potentially existence- and livelihood threatening consequences. Lessons in resilience from illegal economies such as the illegal wildlife trade could help society better cope with harms and risk from global environmental change. We critically review the Frictions and Flows framework and the case of the illegal wildlife trade-a globally distributed form of nature crime-in South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia-countries with different responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Diverse frictions and flows were, and continue to be, documented in the illegal wildlife economies of each country through and after pandemic lockdowns, demonstrating resilience, adaptability, and innovation. We point to market features and characteristics prevalent in the anthroposphere that appear to render actors and markets more resilient, shock-resistant, and flexible. Without advocating for operating outside the rule of law and with overt recognition for the destructive impacts of illicit trades on sustainable development, political stability, and global security, we identify three observations relevant to resilience and global environmental change that scientists of the total environment may be critically missing.