CAR T-cell therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive leukemic malignancy that affects myeloid lineage progenitors. Relapsed or refractory AML patients continue to have poor prognoses, necessitating the development of novel therapy alternatives. Adoptive T-cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is an intriguing possibility in the field of leukemia treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is now being tested in clinical trials (mostly in phase I and phase II) using AML targets including CD33, CD123, and CLL-1. Preliminary data showed promising results. However, due to the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of AML and the co-expression of some AML targets on hematopoietic stem cells, these clinical investigations have shown substantial "on-target off-tumor" toxicities, indicating that more research is required. In this review, the latest significant breakthroughs in AML CAR T cell therapy are presented. Furthermore, the limitations of CAR T-cell technology and future directions to overcome these challenges are discussed.