Genetic Analysis of Flagellar-Mediated Surface Sensing by PA14.

Surface sensing is a key aspect of the early stage of biofilm formation. For , the type IV pili (TFP), the TFP alignment complex and PilY1 were shown to play a key role in c-di-GMP signaling upon surface contact. The role of the flagellar machinery in surface sensing is less well understood in . Here we show, consistent with findings from other groups, that a mutation in the gene encoding the flagellar hook protein (Δ) or flagellin (Δ) results in a strain that overproduces the Pel exopolysaccharide (EPS) with a concomitant increase in c-di-GMP levels. We use a candidate gene approach and genetic screens, combined with phenotypic assays, to identify key roles for the MotAB and MotCD stators and the FliG protein, a component of the flagellar switch complex, in stimulating the surface-dependent, increased c-di-GMP level noted for these flagellar mutants. These findings are consistent with previous studies showing a role for the stators in surface sensing. We also show that mutations in the genes coding for the diguanylate cyclases SadC and RoeA as well as SadB, a protein involved in early surface colonization, abrogate the increased c-d-GMP-related phenotypes of the Δ mutant. Together, these data indicate that bacteria monitor the status of flagellar synthesis and/or function during surface sensing as a means to trigger the biofilm program.