Thirty years from FDA approval of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx): an updated analysis and future perspective.

In 2025, it will be 30 years since the initial clinical approval of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) by the Food and Drug Administration. PLD predated the field of nanomedicine and became a model nanomedicine setting key pharmacological principles (prolonged circulation, slow drug release and the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect) for clinical application of other nano-drugs in cancer therapy. The impressive reduction of cardiotoxicity conferred by PLD is the most valuable clinical asset. While PLD has gained a strong foothold in relapsed ovarian cancer and metastatic breast cancer, it has not been extensively tested in primary (neoadjuvant) and adjuvant therapy and has not fulfilled the expectations from the results in animal models efficacy-wise. This discrepancy may be due to the large dose gap between mice and humans and the apparent variability of the EPR effect in human cancer. PLD is a complex product and we are still in a learning curve regarding a number of factors such as its interaction with the complement system and its immune modulatory properties, as well as its integration in multimodality therapy that may potentiate its value and role in cancer therapy.