Pleiotropic Effects of / in Shaping Neurodevelopmental Pathways and the Neural Substrate of Complex Behaviors and Disorders.

Natural gene variants of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 (), coding for mGluR7, affect individuals' alcohol-drinking preference. Psychopharmacological investigations have suggested that mGluR7 is also involved in responses to cocaine, morphine, and nicotine exposures. We review the pleiotropic effects of and the principle of recombinant quantitative trait locus introgression (RQI), which led to the discovery of the first mammalian quantitative gene accounting for alcohol-drinking preference. / can play important roles in mammalian ontogenesis, brain development, and predisposition to addiction. It is also involved in other behavioral phenotypes, including emotion, stress, motivated cognition, defensive behavior, and pain-related symptoms. This review identified pleiotropy and the modulation of neurobehavioral processes by variations in the gene /. Patterns of pleiotropic genes can form oligogenic architectures whosecombined additive and interaction effects can significantly predispose individuals to the expressions of disorders. Identifying and characterizing pleiotropic genes are necessary for understanding the expressions of complex traits. This requires tasks, such as discovering and identifying novel genetic elements of the genetic architecture, which are unsuitable for AI but require classical experimental genetics.