Behavioral adaptations of against pathogenic threats.

This review examines the behavioral adaptation mechanisms of in response to pathogenic bacterial threats, emphasizing their ecological significance. It systematically explores how mechanisms such as avoidance behavior, transgenerational learning, and forgetting enable to optimize its survival and reproductive strategies within dynamic microbial environments. detects harmful signals through chemosensation and initiates avoidance behaviors. Simultaneously, it manages environmental adaptation and energy allocation through transgenerational memory and forgetting, allowing to cope with selective pressures from environmental fluctuations. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria such as and influence behavior through strategies such as toxin release and biofilm formation, highlighting the complex co-evolutionary dynamics between hosts and pathogens. Additionally, these pathogens employ "Trojan Horse-like" and "Worm Star" mechanisms to kill , further complicating host-pathogen interactions. These processes are driven by behavioral adaptations, biochemical signaling, and evolutionary pressures, which emphasize the ecological niche of within microbial ecosystems. serves as a valuable model for studying host-pathogen interactions. This study provides crucial theoretical insights into adaptive evolution and ecosystem dynamics, offering valuable guidance for the development of biocontrol strategies and the effective management of microbial ecosystems.