New 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives with a -Mannich Base Structure Based on a 4,6-Dimethylpyridine Scaffold as Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling.

A series of novel -Mannich bases derived from a dimethylpyridine-1,2,4-triazole hybrid was synthesized and evaluated in vitro for cytotoxic activity on several human gastrointestinal cancer cells (EPG, Caco-2, LoVo, LoVo/Dx, and HT-29). Compound bearing a phenyl group at the -4 position and a 4-methylphenyl piperazine moiety at the -2 position of the 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione scaffold exerted good cytotoxic activities on EPG and Caco-2 cell lines, along with pronounced selectivity, showing lower cytotoxicity against normal colonic epithelial cells (CCD 841 CoTr). Further evaluation revealed the good ability of compound to inhibit the efflux function of P-glycoprotein in P-gp-expressing cell lines (HT-29, LoVo, and LoVo/Dx). Moreover, compound induced apoptotic cell death through a significant increase in the caspase-3 and p53 protein levels in HT-29 cells. Finally, the molecular docking method was applied to explain our experimental findings. The molecular modeling study based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) analysis provided insight into the geometric and electronic structure properties of the compounds.