Docetaxel Resistance in Breast Cancer: Current Insights and Future Directions.

Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for breast cancer treatment; however, its efficacy is often limited by drug resistance and associated toxicity. This review examines the molecular mechanisms of docetaxel resistance in breast cancer and discusses research advances and future directions for overcoming this challenge. Key resistance mechanisms include alterations in drug targets (microtubules), increased drug efflux, suppression of apoptosis, activation of survival signalling pathways, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stem cell enrichment. An evolutionary perspective distinguishes between intrinsic and acquired resistance, emphasising the need for adaptive therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in genomic profiling, non-coding RNA research, novel drug combinations, and biomarker-guided therapies have also been reviewed. Emerging approaches, such as targeting the tumour microenvironment, harnessing immunotherapy, and implementing adaptive dosing schedules, have been discussed. This review emphasises the understanding of resistance as a multifactorial phenomenon that requires multipronged interventions. Research has aimed to identify predictive biomarkers, develop targeted agents to reverse resistance, and design rational combination strategies to improve patient outcomes. Progress in deciphering and targeting docetaxel resistance mechanisms holds promise for enhancing treatment responses and extending survival in patients with breast cancer.