Lactylation in cancer biology: Unlocking new avenues for research and therapy.

Lactylation, a newly identified post-translational modification, plays a multifaceted role in cancer biology by integrating epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes the latest research progress on lactylation, including its functions in epigenetic regulation and its broader impact on cellular processes. Lactate, as a metabolic byproduct, not only serves as an energy source for tumor cells but also acts as a signaling molecule driving various oncogenic processes. Lactylation facilitates cancer metabolic reprogramming, enabling tumor cells to adapt to hypoxic and nutrient-deprived microenvironments. Moreover, lactylation mediates immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment, promoting immune evasion and therapy resistance. This review further explores the clinical potential of targeting lactylation, offering new avenues for innovation in cancer research and treatment. These findings highlight the pivotal role of lactylation in cancer progression and its significant value as a potential therapeutic target.