Nanotechnology-Enhanced Extracellular Vesicles -Based Chipsets in Early Cancer Detection and Theranostics.

Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer diagnostics, particularly through exosome-based chipsets that offer early, non-invasive, and highly sensitive detection. These nanoscale platforms isolate and analyze extracellular vesicles (exosomes) carrying molecular signatures from cancer cells. Microfluidic and material science innovations enable detection from body fluids with high specificity, surpassing conventional diagnostic tools. Engineered exosomes also offer therapeutic potential, especially in targeting metastasis. This review explores exosome formation, roles in cancer, and the latest advancements in chipset technology, emphasizing their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Despite challenges in standardization and clinical integration, ongoing research and trials indicate a transformative shift in cancer care driven by exosome-based technologies. Special emphasis is placed on chip-integrated nanotechnologies developed for exosome isolation and analysis, detailing recent innovations, device specifications, and diagnostic potential. The review aims to bridge the gap between fundamental exosome biology and the translational relevance of chip-based platforms in clinical cancer diagnostics.