Increase in benign acute childhood myositis in the post-COVID era: a retrospective study from a tertiary pediatric center.

UNLABELLED

Benign Acute Childhood Myositis (BACM) is a transient, self-limiting muscular condition that typically follows viral infections, especially influenza. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the circulation of respiratory viruses, altering the epidemiology of related post-infectious complications. This study investigates trends in BACM incidence, clinical features, and viral etiology before and after the pandemic. We conducted a retrospective study of BACM cases diagnosed at a tertiary children's hospital in Italy between August 2017 and June 2025. Cases were grouped into pre-COVID (2017-2021) and post-COVID (2021-2025) periods. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and virological data were analyzed. Incidence trends were compared with national ILI surveillance data. A total of 145 BACM cases were identified-28 pre-COVID and 117 post-COVID-corresponding to a 140% increase in incidence (IRR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.60-3.64, p < 0.001). Annual incidence rose progressively, closely mirroring the national trend in ILI circulation during the same period. Most cases occurred between December and February. Clinical presentation remained consistent, with a benign course and no major complications. Post-COVID cases showed significantly lower CK levels at discharge and shorter hospital stays (3 vs. 4 days, p = 0.011). Virological testing revealed a shift from influenza A (pre-COVID) to influenza B (post-COVID) as the predominant pathogen (p = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONS

The post-pandemic rise in BACM incidence parallels the resurgence of ILI in Italy, likely reflecting changes in population immunity and viral dynamics. Despite this increase, BACM continues to present as a mild and self-limiting condition. Ongoing surveillance and clinical awareness remain essential during peak viral seasons.

WHAT IS KNOWN

• Benign Acute Childhood Myositis (BACM) is a temporary, self-limiting condition in children following viral infections, historically linked to influenza A.

WHAT IS NEW

• The incidence of BACM increased by 140% post-COVID-19, mirroring the rise in influenza-like illness. • There was a shift in viral cause from influenza A to influenza B, with later cases showing shorter hospital stays and lower creatine kinase levels.