Hollow polydopamine for the enhanced ultrasensitive dual-modal immunochromatographic detection of Salmonella typhimurium in dairy products via machine learning.

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) A dual-mode colorimetric/photothermal immunochromatographic strip (ICS) employing hollow polydopamine nanoparticles (h-PDA) is reported for the ultrasensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The h-PDA was synthesized via a coordination chemistry-mediated etching of zeolite imidazolate frameworks-8, yielding a hollow nanostructure that enhances photothermal conversion efficiency (52.36%) through the increased surface area and reduced thermal loss. The abundant catechol hydroxyl groups on h-PDA significantly improve antibody coupling efficiency. This ICS achieves detection limits of 603 CFU mL (colorimetric) and 427 CFU mL (photothermal)-a 16-fold improvement over conventional AuNP-based strips. The integration of a single-layer artificial neural network (ANN) enables 100% classification accuracy for S. typhimurium. The feasibility of the developed method is demonstrated by the recoveries of 99.71-111.72% (RSD < 18.73%) in spiked milk samples. This work advances photothermal nanomaterial design for ICS platforms and provides a robust tool for the rapid surveillance of foodborne pathogens.