1968年至1993年美国医疗保健行业就业情况：医疗保健行业工作对非裔美国人和女性的重要性。

Medical care employment in the United States, 1968 to 1993: The importance of health sector jobs for African Americans and women.

作者信息

Himmelstein D U, Lewontin J P, Woolhandler S

机构信息

Center for National Health Program Studies, Department of Medicine, The Cambridge Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge. Mass., USA.

出版信息

Am J Public Health. 1996 Apr;86(4):525-8. doi: 10.2105/ajph.86.4.525.

DOI:10.2105/ajph.86.4.525

PMID:8604783

原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1380553/

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the social and economic impact of health sector employment.

METHODS

US medical care employment was analyzed for each year between 1968 and 1993, with data from the March Current Population Survey.

RESULTS

Between 1968 and 1993, medical care employment grew from 4.32 million to 11.40 million persons, accounting for 5.7% of all jobs in 1968 and 8.4% in 1993. Today, one seventh of employed women work in medical care; they hold 78% of medical care jobs. One fifth of all employed African-American women work in medical care. African-Americans hold 15.5% of jobs in the health sector: they hold 24.1% of the jobs in nursing homes, 15.9% of the jobs in hospitals, but only 5.6% of the jobs in practitioners' offices. Hispanics constitute 6.4% of medical care employees. Real wages rose 25% to 50% between 1968 and 1993 for most health occupations. Wages of registered nurses rose 86%; physicians' incomes rose 22%. Wages of nursing home workers were far lower than those of comparable hospital workers, and the gap has widened. In 1993, 11.7% of all medical care workers lacked health insurance and 597 000 lived in poverty.

CONCLUSIONS

Hospital cuts and the continuing neglect of long-term care exacerbate unemployment and poverty among women and African Americans.

摘要

目的

本研究旨在阐明卫生部门就业的社会和经济影响。

方法

利用3月当期人口调查的数据，对1968年至1993年期间美国每年的医疗保健就业情况进行分析。

结果

1968年至1993年期间，医疗保健就业人数从432万增至1140万，占1968年所有工作岗位的5.7%，1993年为8.4%。如今，七分之一的就业女性从事医疗保健工作；她们占据了78%的医疗保健岗位。所有就业的非裔美国女性中有五分之一从事医疗保健工作。非裔美国人占据了卫生部门15.5%的工作岗位：他们在疗养院的岗位占比为24.1%，在医院的岗位占比为15.9%，但在从业者办公室的岗位占比仅为5.6%。西班牙裔占医疗保健员工的6.4%。1968年至1993年期间，大多数卫生职业的实际工资上涨了25%至50%。注册护士的工资上涨了86%；医生的收入上涨了22%。疗养院工作人员的工资远低于同等医院工作人员，且差距在扩大。1993年，11.7%的医疗保健工作者没有医疗保险，59.7万人生活在贫困中。