Wilson's disease: clinical, genetic and pharmacological findings.

Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by copper accumulation and toxicity in the liver and in other tissues. WD presents with liver disease, neurological or psychiatric disturbances or other less common clinical features. Diagnosis of WD is often difficult and may be formulated through clinical, biochemical, imaging, histochemical and genetic evaluations. Pharmacological approach in WD consists in copper chelating agents such as D-penicillamine, trientine, dimercaprol and tetrathiomolybdate. In 1997 zinc was approved for maintenance therapy of WD by the U.S. FDA. Orthotopic Liver Transplantation is indicated in fulminant hepatic failure, progressive hepatic insufficiency despite therapy, cirrhosis with complications of portal hypertension. However the most appropriate therapy, including OLT, remains controversial in WD and further studies are needed especially in order to differentiate the possibility of specific therapies for different WD phenotypes.