Relative roles of TGF-beta1 and Wnt in the systemic regulation and aging of satellite cell responses.

Muscle stem (satellite) cells are relatively resistant to cell-autonomous aging. Instead, their endogenous signaling profile and regenerative capacity is strongly influenced by the aged P-Smad3, differentiated niche, and by the aged circulation. With respect to muscle fibers, we previously established that a shift from active Notch to excessive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces CDK inhibitors in satellite cells, thereby interfering with productive myogenic responses. In contrast, the systemic inhibitor of muscle repair, elevated in old sera, was suggested to be Wnt. Here, we examined the age-dependent myogenic activity of sera TGF-beta1, and its potential cross-talk with systemic Wnt. We found that sera TGF-beta1 becomes elevated within aged humans and mice, while systemic Wnt remained undetectable in these species. Wnt also failed to inhibit satellite cell myogenicity, while TGF-beta1 suppressed regenerative potential in a biphasic fashion. Intriguingly, young levels of TGF-beta1 were inhibitory and young sera suppressed myogenesis if TGF-beta1 was activated. Our data suggest that platelet-derived sera TGF-beta1 levels, or endocrine TGF-beta1 levels, do not explain the age-dependent inhibition of muscle regeneration by this cytokine. In vivo, TGF-beta neutralizing antibody, or a soluble decoy, failed to reduce systemic TGF-beta1 and rescue myogenesis in old mice. However, muscle regeneration was improved by the systemic delivery of a TGF-beta receptor kinase inhibitor, which attenuated TGF-beta signaling in skeletal muscle. Summarily, these findings argue against the endocrine path of a TGF-beta1-dependent block on muscle regeneration, identify physiological modalities of age-imposed changes in TGF-beta1, and introduce new therapeutic strategies for the broad restoration of aged organ repair.