Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity.

The immune response plays an important role in staving off cancer; however, mechanisms of immunosuppression hinder productive anti-tumor immunity. T cell dysfunction or exhaustion in tumor-bearing hosts is one such mechanism. PD-1 has been identified as a marker of exhausted T cells in chronic disease states, and blockade of PD-1-PD-1L interactions has been shown to partially restore T cell function. We have found that T cell immunoglobulin mucin (Tim) 3 is expressed on CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in mice bearing solid tumors. All Tim-3(+) TILs coexpress PD-1, and Tim-3(+)PD-1(+) TILs represent the predominant fraction of T cells infiltrating tumors. Tim-3(+)PD-1(+) TILs exhibit the most severe exhausted phenotype as defined by failure to proliferate and produce IL-2, TNF, and IFN-γ. We further find that combined targeting of the Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways is more effective in controlling tumor growth than targeting either pathway alone.