Syntheses, Structures, and Antimicrobial Activities of Gold(I)- and Copper(I)- N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes Derived from Basket-Shaped Dinuclear Ag(I)-NHC Complex.

Novel dinuclear gold(I)- and copper(I)- N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC, L-1a) complexes M(L-1a) (M = Au (Au-1·PF) and M = Cu (Cu-1·PF)) were synthesized by transmetalation of the dinuclear silver(I)-NHC complex Ag(L-1a) (Ag-1·PF) with [AuCl(MeS)] or CuI in over 70% yield. These NHC complexes were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, and solution (H and C) NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallography revealed that Au-1·PF and Cu-1·PF are dinuclear molecules consisting of two linear intramolecular C-M-C bonds (M = Au and Cu), one M···M interaction, and two metal atoms arranged in a T-shaped geometry; their molecular structures are very similar to the basket-shaped cage structure of the parent complex Ag-1·PF. Because of the smaller ionic radius of copper(I), Cu-1·PF has the smallest upper space of the basket among the three complexes. Au-1·PF and Cu-1·PF were very stable in the solid state and in solution. They did not undergo nucleophilic reaction with thiols 2-mercaptoethanol and 2-benzimidazolethiol (Hbmt) at least for several hours, whereas Ag-1·PF did react, forming precipitates of silver(I) thiolate and the free ligand L-1a·PF. The minimum inhibitory concentration values toward a panel of bacteria, yeasts, and molds were examined in a water-suspension system and a solution system containing dimethyl sulfoxide. The antimicrobial spectra of the three compounds were metal-dependent, and Au-1·PF showed the greatest activity toward Gram-positive bacteria.