利用加拿大老龄化纵向研究（CLSA）数据，考察与社会孤立和孤独相关的个体和地理因素。
Examining individual and geographic factors associated with social isolation and loneliness using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data.
机构信息
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada.
Department of Psychology, Brandon University, Manitoba, Canada.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2019 Feb 1;14(2):e0211143. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211143. eCollection 2019.
BACKGROUND
A large body of research shows that social isolation and loneliness have detrimental health consequences. Identifying individuals at risk of social isolation or loneliness is, therefore, important. The objective of this study was to examine personal (e.g., sex, income) and geographic (rural/urban and sociodemographic) factors and their association with social isolation and loneliness in a national sample of Canadians aged 45 to 85 years.
METHODS
The study involved cross-sectional analyses of baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging that were linked to 2016 census data at the Forward Sortation Area (FSA) level. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between personal factors and geographic factors and social isolation and loneliness for the total sample, and women and men, respectively.
RESULTS
The prevalence of social isolation and loneliness was 5.1% and 10.2%, respectively, but varied substantially across personal characteristics. Personal characteristics (age, sex, education, income, functional impairment, chronic diseases) were significantly related to both social isolation and loneliness, although some differences emerged in the direction of the relationships for the two measures. Associations also differed somewhat for women versus men. Associations between some geographic factors emerged for social isolation, but not loneliness. Living in an urban core was related to increased odds of social isolation, an effect that was no longer significant when FSA-level factors were controlled for. FSAs with a higher percentage of 65+ year old residents with low income were consistently associated with higher odds of social isolation.
CONCLUSION
The findings indicate that socially isolated individuals are, to some extent, clustered into areas with a high proportion of low-income older adults, suggesting that support and resources could be targeted at these areas. For loneliness, the focus may be less on where people live, but rather on personal characteristics that place individuals at risk.
背景
大量研究表明，社会孤立和孤独对健康有不利影响。因此，识别有社会孤立或孤独风险的个体很重要。本研究的目的是检查个人（如性别、收入）和地理（农村/城市和社会人口）因素及其与 45 至 85 岁加拿大国民样本中社会孤立和孤独的关联。
方法
本研究涉及对加拿大老龄化纵向研究基线数据的横断面分析，并与 2016 年按地段划分的邮政编码（FSA）数据进行链接。进行多水平逻辑回归分析，以分别检查个人因素和地理因素与总样本以及女性和男性的社会孤立和孤独之间的关联。
结果
社会孤立和孤独的患病率分别为 5.1%和 10.2%，但因个人特征而有很大差异。个人特征（年龄、性别、教育、收入、功能障碍、慢性疾病）与社会孤立和孤独均显著相关，尽管两种措施的关系方向存在一些差异。女性和男性之间的关联也略有不同。一些地理因素与社会隔离有关联，但与孤独无关。居住在城市核心区与社会隔离的几率增加有关，当控制 FSA 层面的因素时，这种效应不再显著。FSA 中低收入的 65 岁以上居民比例较高与社会隔离的几率增加始终相关。
结论
这些发现表明，在某种程度上，社会孤立的个体集中在高比例低收入老年人口的地区，这表明可以在这些地区提供支持和资源。对于孤独，重点可能不在于人们居住的地方，而在于使个人处于危险之中的个人特征。
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