Chondroprotective Effect of Cynaroside in IL-1-Induced Primary Rat Chondrocytes and Organ Explants via NF-B and MAPK Signaling Inhibition.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation and inflammation. Interleukin-1 is the key player in the pathogenesis of OA, which induces the expression of various catabolic factors that contribute to cartilage degradation. Cynaroside (luteolin-7-O-glucoside or luteoloside) is a flavonoid that has various pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the chondroprotective effects of cynaroside on IL-1-stimulated chondrocytes and organ explants. The production of nitrite, PGE, collagen type II, and aggrecan was measured by a Griess reagent and ELISAs, and the production of ROS was measured by HDCF-DA fluorescence. The protein levels of iNOS, Cox-2, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, MAPKs, and the NF-B p65 subunit were measured by western blot. Proteoglycan analysis was performed by Alcian Blue staining () and Safranin O staining (). Cynaroside inhibited IL-1-induced expression of catabolic factors (nitrite, iNOS, ROS, PGE, Cox-2, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4) and degradation of anabolic factors (collagen type II and aggrecan). Furthermore, cynaroside suppressed IL-1-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs and translocation of the NF-B p65 subunit into the nucleus. Collectively, these results suggest that cynaroside may be a potential candidate for the development of new therapeutic drugs for the alleviation of OA progression.