Analysis of immune-related signatures of lung adenocarcinoma identified two distinct subtypes: implications for immune checkpoint blockade therapy.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have revolutionized the treatment of human cancers including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, our understanding of the immune subtyping of LUAD and its association with clinical response of immune checkpoint inhibitor remains incomplete. Here we performed molecular subtyping and association analysis of LUAD from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated findings from TCGA cohort in 9 independent validation cohorts. We conducted consensus molecular subtyping with nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Potential response of ICB therapy was estimated with Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm. We identified 2 distinct subtypes of LUAD in TCGA cohort that were characterized by significantly different survival outcomes (i.e., high- and low-risk subtypes). The high-risk subtype was featured by lower TIDE score, upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 () expression, and higher tumor mutation burden (TMB). The high-risk subtype also harbored significantly elevated cell cycle modulators CDK4/CDK6 and mutation. These observations were validated in 9 independent LUAD cohorts. Our findings suggest that immune checkpoint blockade therapy may be efficacious for high-risk subtype of LUAD patients.