Variation of attachment ability of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) during nymphal development and adult aging.

The present investigation reports data on the attachment ability of the Southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a relevant pest in the world, along its whole life cycle. Using a centrifugal force tester, we evaluated a) the differences in the attachment ability among the four active nymphal developmental instars (N2-N5 nymphs) and adult to hydrophilic glass, showing an increased attachment ability during ontogenesis, owing to increased pulvilli size and efficiency; b) the possible role of growth and body shape on insect attachment ability on hydrophilic glass during the intermoult period, revealing that N. viridula nymphs attach stronger (higher safety factor) in the first part of the intermoult period; c) the age-specific differences in the attachment ability of adults of both sexes on hydrophilic glass, showing the best performance at an intermediate age, in agreement with a higher proportion of resilin in comparison with younger or older insects; d) the difference in attachment ability on hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic glass along the insect development, revealing a strong effect of surface hydrophobicity on reducing the attachment of N. viridula nymphs and adults. The results on the attachment ability of a hemimetabolous insect along its life cycle are relevant because they 1) shed light on different adaptations of attachment pads in relation to insect size, shape and age; 2) deepen the knowledge on the functional morphological adaptations, thus potentially contributing to the development of suitable control systems for this important pest insect.