Modeling the transition from acute to chronic postsurgical pain in youth: A narrative review of epidemiologic, perioperative, and psychosocial factors.

A growing number of studies have identified high rates of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after major surgery. Pediatric CPSP is associated with pain-related distress and comorbid mental health outcomes, such as anxiety and depression. From a biopsychosocial perspective, youth factors, such as genetics, epigenetics, sex, presurgical pain, sleep, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing, as well as parent factors, such as cognitive appraisals of their child's pain expression and pain catastrophizing, converge and lead to chronic pain disability. A comprehensive and testable psychosocial model of the transition from acute to chronic pediatric postsurgical pain has not been developed. This narrative review begins by evaluating the epidemiology and trajectories of pediatric CPSP and moves on to examine the more influential psychosocial models that have been proposed to understand the development of pediatric CPSP. Much of the literature to date has been conducted on adolescents undergoing spinal fusion. To conceptualize the transition from acute to chronic pain in youth, a combined diathesis-stress and interpersonal fear avoidance model is presented. Novel areas of future research include the potential influence that siblings and peers have on a youth's development of CPSP as well as the influence of gender.