New 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides from the flowers of and their testosterone production-promoting activities.

Phytochemical investigation was carried out for the flowers of Franchet. by first conducting LC-MS analysis, leading to the identification of 32 compounds. Furthermore, guided by LC-MS profiling, three new 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides (3'-hydroxylikarisoside C, 3'-hydroxylepimedoside E, 3'-hydroxyldiphylloside B), one new anthocyanin (delphinidin-3---coumaroyl-sophoroside) and six known compounds were isolated from the flowers of for the first time, and their structures were characterized based on spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS. Combining our discoveries and literature survey, a revised classification of flavonols was proposed as Type A (8-prenylated kaempferol based), which was further subdivided into subtype icaritin and subtype demethylicaritin, and Type B (8-prenylated quercetin based), which was further subdivided into subtype 3'-hydroxylicaritin and subtype 3'-hydroxyldemethylicaritin. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out by comparing testosterone production-promoting activities of all the new compounds along with nine related flavonols, revealing that the new 8-prenylated quercetin glycosides (subtype 3'-hydroxyldemethylicaritin in Type B) exhibited lower testosterone production-promoting activities in rat primary Leydig cells than flavonols of subtype demethylicaritin in Type A, but possessed higher activities than the flavonols of subtype icaritin in Type A. These results suggested that either methylation at C-4' position or hydroxylation at C-3' position of ring B could significantly reduce the testosterone production-promoting activities of flavonols.