BtpB Manipulates Apoptosis and Autophagic Flux in RAW264.7 Cells.

transfers effectors into host cells, manipulating cellular processes to its advantage; however, the mechanism by which effectors regulate cellular processes during infection is poorly understood. A growing number of studies have shown that apoptosis and autophagy are critical mechanisms for target cells to cope with pathogens and maintain cellular homeostasis. BtpB is a type IV secretion system effector with a complex mechanism for manipulating host infection. Here, we show that the ectopic expression of BtpB promoted DNA fragmentation. In contrast, an isogenic mutant strain, Δ, inhibited apoptosis compared to the wild-type strain S2 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, BtpB inhibited autophagy, as determined by LC3-II protein levels, the number of LC3 puncta, and p62 degradation. We also found that BtpB reduced autophagolysosome formation and blocked the complete autophagic flux. Moreover, our results revealed that the autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, reduces 's intracellular survival. Overall, our data unveil new mechanisms of virulence implicating the effector BtpB in regulating host intracellular infection.