附近农业施药对室内居住暴露的贡献。
Contributions of nearby agricultural insecticide applications to indoor residential exposures.
机构信息
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA.
Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA.
出版信息
Environ Int. 2023 Jan;171:107657. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107657. Epub 2022 Nov 23.
BACKGROUND
Pesticide exposure has been associated with adverse health effects. We evaluated relationships between proximity to agricultural insecticide applications and insecticides in household dust, accounting for land use and wind direction.
METHODS
We measured concentrations (ng/g) of nine insecticides in carpet-dust samples collected from 598 California homes. Using a geographic information system (GIS), we integrated the California Pesticide Use Reporting (CPUR) database to estimate agricultural use within residential buffers with radii of 0.5 to 4 km. We calculated the density of use (kg/km) during 30-, 60-, 180-, and 365-day periods prior to dust collection and evaluated relationships between three density metrics (CPUR unit-based, agricultural land area adjusted, and average daily wind direction adjusted) and dust concentrations. We modeled natural-log transformed concentrations using Tobit regression for carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, diazinon, and permethrin. Odds of detection were modeled with logistic regression for azinphos-methyl, cyfluthrin, malathion, and phosmet. We adjusted for season, year, occupation, and home/garden uses.
RESULTS
Chlorpyrifos use within 1-4 km was associated with 1 to 2-times higher dust concentrations in both the 60- and 365-day periods. Carbaryl applications within 2-4 km of homes 60-days prior to dust collection were associated with 3 to 7-times higher concentrations and the 4 km trend was strongest using the wind-adjusted metric (p-trend = 0.04). For diazinon, there were 2-times higher concentrations for the 60-day metrics in the 2 km buffer and for the CPUR and wind-adjusted metrics within 4 km. Cyfluthrin, phosmet, and azinphos-methyl applications within 4 km in the prior 365-days were associated with 2-, 6-, and 3-fold higher odds of detection, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Agricultural use of six of the nine insecticides within 4 km is an important determinant of indoor contamination. Our findings demonstrated that GIS-based metrics for quantifying potential exposure to fugitive emissions from agriculture should incorporate tailored distances and time periods and support wind-adjustment for some, but not all insecticides.
背景
接触农药与不良健康影响有关。我们评估了与农业杀虫剂施用的接近程度和家庭灰尘中的杀虫剂之间的关系，同时考虑了土地利用和风向。
方法
我们测量了来自加利福尼亚州 598 所房屋地毯灰尘样本中的九种杀虫剂的浓度（ng/g）。我们使用地理信息系统（GIS）整合了加利福尼亚州农药使用报告（CPUR）数据库，以估算半径为 0.5 至 4 公里的住宅缓冲区中的农业使用情况。我们计算了在收集灰尘前 30、60、180 和 365 天期间的使用密度（kg/km），并评估了三种密度指标（基于 CPUR 单位、农业用地面积调整和平均每日风向调整）与灰尘浓度之间的关系。我们使用 Tobit 回归模型对 carbaryl、chlorpyrifos、cypermethrin、diazinon 和 permethrin 进行了自然对数转换浓度的建模。我们使用 logistic 回归模型对azinphos-methyl、cyfluthrin、malathion 和 phosmet 进行了检测几率的建模。我们调整了季节、年份、职业和家庭/花园用途。
结果
在 1-4 公里范围内使用 chlorpyrifos 与 60-365 天期间灰尘浓度高出 1 至 2 倍有关。在收集灰尘前 60 天内，距房屋 2-4 公里范围内使用 carbaryl 与浓度高出 3 至 7 倍有关，且使用风向调整后的指标时，4 公里的趋势最强（p 趋势=0.04）。对于 diazinon，在 2 公里缓冲区和 4 公里范围内的 CPUR 和风向调整指标中，60 天的指标浓度高出 2 倍。在过去 365 天内，距房屋 4 公里范围内使用 cyfluthrin、phosmet 和 azinphos-methyl 与检测几率高出 2、6 和 3 倍有关。
结论
在 4 公里范围内使用九种杀虫剂中的六种是室内污染的重要决定因素。我们的研究结果表明，用于量化农业 Fugitive 排放潜在暴露的基于 GIS 的指标应纳入定制的距离和时间段，并支持对一些而不是所有杀虫剂进行风向调整。
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