Polymyxin-based fluorescent probes to combat Gram-negative antimicrobial resistance.

Reliable diagnostic approaches especially those targeting critical Gram-negative bacteria are urgently needed for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance. Polymyxin B (PMB) which specifically targets the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is the last-line antibiotic against life-threatening multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, increasing number of studies have reported the spread of PMB-resistant strains. With the aim to specifically detect Gram-negative bacteria and potentially reduce the irrational use of antibiotics, we herein rationally designed two Gram-negative bacteria specific fluorescent probes based on our previous activity-toxicity optimization of PMB. The in vitro probe PMS-Dns showed fast and selective labeling of Gram-negative pathogens in complex biological cultures. Subsequently, we constructed the caged in vivo fluorescent probe PMS-Cy-NO by conjugating bacterial nitroreductase (NTR)-activatable positive charged hydrophobic near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore with polymyxin scaffold. Significantly, PMS-Cy-NO exhibited excellent Gram-negative bacterial detection capability with the differentiation between Gram-positive and Gram-negative in a mouse skin infection model.