Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells: An intratumoral immunity cycle.

The generation of anti-tumor immunity in the draining lymph nodes is known as the cancer immunity cycle. Accumulating evidence supports the occurrence of such a cycle at tumor sites in the context of chronic inflammation. Here, we review the role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the generation of T and B cell immunities, focusing on the impact of B cells that undergo full maturation, resulting in the generation of plasma cells (PCs) producing high-affinity IgG and IgA antibodies. In this context, we propose that antibodies binding to tumor cells induce macrophage or natural killer (NK)-cell-dependent apoptosis. Subsequently, released antigen-antibody complexes are internalized and processed by dendritic cells (DCs), amplifying antigen presentation to T cells. Immune complexes may also be fixed by follicular DCs (FDCs) in TLS, thereby increasing memory B cell responses. This amplification loop creates an intra-tumoral immunity cycle, capable of increasing sensitivity of tumors to immunotherapy even in cancers with low mutational burden.