Immobilization mechanisms of heavy metals by utilizing natural cow bone waste for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash treatment.

Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash poses intricate compositional challenges and potential environmental hazards. Effective management of such hazardous waste is imperative to mitigate the release of toxic compounds into the environment. Solidification/stabilization (S/S) processes have emerged as a viable strategy to transform MSWI fly ash from incineration waste into a safer and more environmentally benign material. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the potential of utilizing cow bone waste to stabilize heavy metals, focusing on Pb, within municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Experimental investigations encompassed cow bone-to-fly ash weight ratios ranging from 0.0 (control group) to 7:3, a settling time of 2 h, and a liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio of 1.0 mL/g. Cow bone waste exhibited pronounced efficacy, particularly within the short settling time, yielding a remarkable Pb removal efficiency of up to 99% at a cow bone waste dose of merely 2% and an L/S ratio of 1.0 mL/g. Concurrently, other heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, and Zn were effectively stabilized with a cow bone waste dose of 1.5% during the same 2-h settling period. The results underscore the pivotal roles of ash/bone ratio and settling time in augmenting Pb stabilization in MSWI fly ash. The application of cow bone waste is anticipated to offer a cost-effective and environmentally sound approach, aligning with sustainable waste management principles.