Characterization of Metronidazole, Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin Resistance Genes in Isolated from Gastroenteritis Patients.

BACKGROUND

()is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, and spiral shape bacterium that resides inside the human stomach. The human stomach serves as its primary reservoir. Complaints about stomach complication due to infections are reported in the majority of populations around the globe. Chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa are major complications of a long-term infections that can lead to gastric cancer in severe cases. This study aims to characterize isolates from gastroenteritis patients and to determine the resistance of to various antibiotics.

METHODS

In the current study, a total of (n = 80) gastric biopsy samples were randomly collected from gastroenteritis patients in brain-heart infusion broth. These were inoculated on Columbia blood agar supplemented with selective supplement (DENT). After culturing, Microscopy and biochemical tests were performed. The susceptibility profile of isolates was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. On the basis of the drug resistance profile, a total of (n = 20) isolates including (n = 10) from females and (n = 10) from males were selected for the detection and characterization of resistant genes. After confirmation of using , polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done for the detection of resistance genes including Metronidazole resistance ( gene), Clarithromycin resistance ( gene) and Amoxicillin resistance (Penicillin-binding protein A1 () gene).

RESULTS

In a total of (n = 80) samples, was isolated from 72.5% (n = 58) samples. Among the positive patients, there were 62% (n = 36) of female positive patients while in males, its ratio was 38% (n = 22). It was more common in the age between 30-50 years 55.17% (n = 32). It has shown the highest resistance towards Metronidazole 90% (n = 52), and the lowest toward Levofloxacin 65% (n = 38). Metronidazole resistance gene ( gene) was detected in (n = 13) isolates including (n = 9) isolates from females and (n = 4) from males. In the case of, the Clarithromycin resistance gene () (n = 10) was positive for including (n = 6) isolates from females and (n = 7) were positive for Amoxicillin ( gene) including (n = 2) in female and (n = 5) from male patients.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the increasing incidence of infections in both male and female patients. It also revealed the current status of antibiotic resistance and its resistance genes in patients facing gastrointestinal issues. Continuous surveillance of resistant clones will help in formulating strategies that can help in combating of resistant clone. It will also help clinician in proper prescription and management of infections.