Antibiofilm and antivirulence potentials of iodinated fmoc-phenylalanine against Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus poses significant risks to public health due to its ability to form biofilm and produce virulence factors, contributing to the increase in antibiotic resistance and treatment complications. This emphasizes the urgent need for novel antimicrobial controls. Based on the premise that halogenation improves antimicrobial efficacy, this study investigated the ability of halogenated phenylalanine to effectively inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and virulence activities. Among 29 halogenated compounds, Fmoc-4-iodo-phenylalanine (Fmoc-Iodo-Phe) displayed the highest antibiofilm effect against S. aureus, achieving 94.3 % reduction at 50 μg/mL. Microscopic studies confirmed its ability to prevent and disrupt mature biofilms. At 10 μg/mL, Fmoc-Iodo-Phe markedly inhibited virulence factors, such as cell surface hydrophobicity, hemolysin and slime production. It showed low propensity for resistance development and effectively inhibited biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and S. epidermidis, but was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. Gene expression analysis complemented by molecular docking suggest that Fmoc-Iodo-Phe could target the AgrA quorum sensing cascade due to strong interactions with key residues at its DNA binding sites. Notably, it was non-cytotoxic in Caenorhabditis elegans model and satisfied drug-likeliness criteria based on ADMET prediction. Therefore, our findings position Fmoc-Iodo-Phe as a promising antimicrobial candidate against S. aureus infections, underscoring its potential as an alternative to traditional antibiotics.