Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Immune and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in the after Exposure to Ammonia.

As a key species in freshwater aquaculture, was subjected to ammonia stress to assess its impact on the hepatopancreas. A total of 4007 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between control and treatment groups, comprising 1838 upregulated and 2169 downregulated genes. Following exposure to 300 mg/L of ammonia, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was activated, while the lysosomal pathway was suppressed, thereby influencing immune functions. Thirteen DEGs from these pathways were further validated via qRT-PCR, revealing gene expression changes of one- to two-fold. Both acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) levels in the hepatopancreas and hemolymph initially increased and then decreased, indicating a disruption in immune functionality. Additionally, alanine transaminase (ALT) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured, alongside catalase (CAT) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, all of which showed an upward trend, signifying oxidative stress and tissue damage. These results offer critical insights into the antioxidant and immune mechanisms of in ammonia-enriched environments.