Harnessing bacterial metabolites for enhanced cancer chemotherapy: unveiling unique therapeutic potentials.

Cancer poses a serious threat to health globally, with millions diagnosed every year. According to Global Cancer Statistics 2024, about 20 million new cases were reported in 2022, and 9.7 million people worldwide died of this condition. Advanced therapies include combination of one or more treatment procedures, depending on the type, stage, and particular genetic constitution of the cancer, which may include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplant. Also, awareness about lifestyle changes, preventive measures and screening at early stages has reduced the incidence of the disease; still, there is a major failure in controlling the incidence of cancer because of its complex and multifaceted nature. With increasing interest in bacterial metabolites as possible novel and effective treatment options in cancer therapy, their main benefits include not only direct anticancer effects but also the modulation of the immune system and potential for targeted and combination therapies. They can therefore be used in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy to improve outcomes or reduce side effects. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have the potential to enhance the potency and safety of anticancer drugs by providing improved stability, targeted release, and controlled delivery.