Calcium signals as regulators of ferroptosis in cancer.

The field of ferroptosis research has grown exponentially since this form of cell death was first identified over a decade ago. Ferroptosis, an iron- and ROS-dependent type of cell death, is controlled by various metabolic pathways, including but not limited to redox and calcium (Ca) homeostasis, iron fluxes, mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. Importantly, therapy-resistant tumors are particularly susceptible to ferroptotic cell death, rendering ferroptosis a promising therapeutic strategy against numerous malignancies. Calcium signals are important regulators of both cancer progression and cell death, with recent studies indicating their involvement in ferroptosis. Cells undergoing ferroptosis are characterized by plasma membrane rupture and the formation of nanopores, which facilitate influx of ions such as Ca into the affected cells. Furthermore, mitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels have been implicated in directly influencing the cellular response to ferroptosis. Despite the remarkable progress made in the field, our understanding of the contribution of Ca signals to ferroptosis remains limited. Here, we summarize key connections between Ca²⁺ signaling and ferroptosis in cancer pathobiology and discuss their potential therapeutic significance.