Drug development in psychiatry: 50 years of failure and how to resuscitate it.

The past 50 years have seen remarkable advances in the science of medicine. The pharmacological treatments of disorders such as hypertension, immune disorders, and cancer are fundamentally different from those used in the 1970s, and are now more often based on disorder-specific pathologies. The same cannot be said for psychiatric medicines: despite remarkable advances in neuroscience, very few innovative treatments have been developed in this field since the 1970s. For depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and ADHD, pharmacological classes of medicines discovered through serendipity in the 1950s are still used despite hundreds of billions of US dollars being spent on drug discovery attempts based on new neuroscience targets. This Personal View presents my opinion on the reasons innovation in psychiatric treatment has not progressed as well as in other disorders. As a researcher in the field, I offer suggestions as to how this situation must be rectified soon, as by most analyses mental illness is becoming a major health burden globally. Most of my evidence is referenced, but where I have unpublished knowledge gained from consulting with pharmaceutical companies, it is presented as an opinion.