Study-phase reinstatement predicts subsequent recall.

Can the brain improve the retrievability of an experience after it has occurred? Systems consolidation theory proposes that item-specific cortical reactivation during post-encoding rest periods facilitates the formation of stable memory representations, a prediction supported by neural evidence in humans and animals. Such reactivation may also occur on shorter timescales, offering a potential account of classic list memory phenomena but lacking in support from neural data. Leveraging the high temporal specificity of intracranial electroencephalography (EEG), we investigate spontaneous reactivation of previously experienced items during brief intervals between individual encoding events. Across two large-scale free-recall experiments, we show that reactivation during these periods, measured by spectral intracranial EEG similarity, predicts subsequent recall. In a third experiment, we show that the same methodology can identify post-encoding reactivation that correlates with subsequent memory, consistent with previous results. Thus, spontaneous study-phase reinstatement reliably predicts memory behavior, linking psychological accounts to neural mechanisms and providing evidence for rapid consolidation processes during encoding.