Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Environmental Factors in Lung Homeostasis and Respiratory Health.

The lungs play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and serving as a structural and immune barrier. External factors, including nutrition, lifestyle, and environmental exposures, profoundly influence normal lung function and contribute to the development, progression, and prognosis of various respiratory diseases. Deficiencies in key micronutrients, such as vitamins A, D, and C, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, can impair the integrity of the epithelial lining, compromising the lungs' defense mechanisms and increasing susceptibility to injury and disease. Obesity and physical inactivity further disrupt respiratory function by inducing structural changes in the chest wall and promoting a pro-inflammatory state. Environmental pollutants further worsen oxidative damage and activate inflammatory pathways. Addressing these modifiable factors through interventions such as dietary optimization, physical activity programs, and strategies to reduce environmental exposure offers promising avenues for preserving lung function and preventing disease progression. This review examines the molecular pathways through which nutrition, lifestyle, and environmental influences impact lung homeostasis.