Prevalence and Lifestyle Factors Associated With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms Among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent chronic condition affecting a significant portion of the adult population worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. GERD is associated with symptoms like heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, and dysphagia, which can impair the quality of life and increase healthcare burden. Several risk factors, including obesity, dietary habits, and lifestyle choices, contribute to its development. In Saudi Arabia, rapid urbanization and changes in dietary patterns have led to an increasing prevalence of GERD, though research on its association with lifestyle factors is limited. This study aims to assess the prevalence of GERD symptoms in Saudi adults and explore the role of lifestyle factors in its onset and progression.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults in Saudi Arabia between January and March 2025. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed demographic information, GERD symptoms, and lifestyle habits. GERD symptoms were measured using the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GERD-Q). Lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake, were also assessed. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests, t-tests, and multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between GERD symptoms and lifestyle factors.

RESULTS

Among the 960 participants, 56.8% (n = 537) reported heartburn, 50.7% (n = 487) regurgitation, 61.1% (n = 587) bloating, 42.5% (n = 411) dysphagia, and 39.3% (n = 380) chest pain. Consumption of spicy food ≥5 times/week was associated with GERD symptoms in 61.2% (n = 161; p = 0.0001), fatty foods in 55.4% (n = 166; p = 0.0005), caffeine in 61.8% (n = 97; p = 0.0001), and alcohol in 59.2% (n = 174; p = 0.0008). Smoking (58.9%, n = 66; p = 0.002) and shisha use (59.2%, n = 174; p = 0.0003) were also significantly associated. Regular physical activity (≥3 times/week) was inversely associated (46.1%, n = 160; p = 0.0001). Higher prevalence was observed in older adults (65+ years: 66.2%, n = 90; p = 0.0002) and those with lower education.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the significant burden of GERD in Saudi Arabia and emphasizes the role of modifiable lifestyle factors in its onset and progression. Dietary habits, tobacco use, and physical inactivity are major contributors to GERD symptoms. Public health interventions focused on promoting healthier lifestyles, including dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and smoking cessation, could help reduce the prevalence and impact of GERD.